Asosiy tarkibga o'tish

15.3-bo'lim : Umumiy hududlar bo'yicha ikki karrali integrallar

8. \( \displaystyle \iint\limits_{D}{{{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dA}}\) ni baholang, bu erda \(D\) quyida ko'rsatilgan mintaqadir.

The region \(D\) is shaded in.  It is the region between the curve \(x = {y^3}\) and the y-axis, running from \(y = - 1\) at the bottom up to \(y = 1\) at the top.  Above the x-axis the region lies to the right of the y-axis and to the left of the curve, widening out to the segment from \(\left( {0,1} \right)\) to \(\left( {1,1} \right)\) at the top.  Below the x-axis it is the mirror image through the origin, lying to the left of the y-axis and widening out to the segment from \(\left( { - 1, - 1} \right)\) to \(\left( {0, - 1} \right)\) at the bottom.  The two halves meet at the origin.
Yechim

Birinchidan, quyida ko'rsatilganidek, \(D\)-dagi ikkita kichik mintaqani belgilaymiz.

A sketch of the region \(D\) split into its two sub regions.  The upper piece, labeled \({D_1}\), lies above the x-axis with the curve \(x = {y^3}\) as its right boundary, and the lower piece, labeled \({D_2}\), lies below the x-axis with the same curve as its left boundary.  The two meet at the origin and both are shaded green.
2-qadam

Har bir mintaqa bir xil egri chiziq bilan chegaralangan bo'lishiga qaramay, biz \(D\) ni to'liq tavsiflaydigan yagona chegara to'plamini ololmaymiz. Yuqori mintaqada \(x = {y^3}\) o'ng chegara va pastki mintaqada \(x = {y^3}\) chap chegara hisoblanadi.

Shuning uchun, har bir mintaqa uchun alohida chegaralar to'plami kerak bo'ladi va shuning uchun biz integralni quyidagicha ajratishimiz kerak.

\[\iint\limits_{D}{{{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dA}} = \iint\limits_{{{D_{\,1}}}}{{{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dA}} + \iint\limits_{{{D_{\,2}}}}{{{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dA}}\]
3-qadam

Umid qilamanki, biz avval \(x\) ni ikkala integral bilan birlashtirishimiz kerakligi aniq. Shunday qilib, bu erda har bir integral uchun chegaralar mavjud.

\[\begin{array}{*{20}{c}}\begin{array}{c}{D_{\,1}}\\ \,0 \le y \le 1\\ 0 \le x \le {y^3}\end{array}&{\hspace{0.5in}}&\begin{array}{c}{D_{\,2}}\\ - 1 \le y \le 0\\ {y^3} \le x \le 0\end{array}\end{array}\]

U holda integrallar,

\[\iint\limits_{D}{{{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dA}} = \int_{0}^{1}{{\int_{0}^{{{y^3}}}{{{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dx}}\,dy}} + \int_{{ - 1}}^{0}{{\int_{{{y^3}}}^{0}{{{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dx}}\,dy}}\]
4-qadam

Endi integrallarni bajarishdan boshqa ko'p narsa qilish kerak emas. Mana ikkalasi uchun \(x\) integratsiyasi.

\[\begin{align*}\iint\limits_{D}{{{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dA}} & = \int_{0}^{1}{{\left. {\left( {x{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}} \right)} \right|_0^{{y^3}}\,dy}} + \int_{{ - 1}}^{0}{{\left. {\left( {x{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}} \right)} \right|_{{y^3}}^0\,dy}}\\ & = \int_{0}^{1}{{{y^3}{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dy}} + \int_{{ - 1}}^{0}{{ - {y^3}{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dy}}\end{align*}\]
5-qadam

Va nihoyat, ikkala integral uchun \(y\) integratsiyasi.

\[\begin{align*}\iint\limits_{D}{{{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dA}} & = \int_{0}^{1}{{{y^3}{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dy}} + \int_{{ - 1}}^{0}{{ - {y^3}{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}\,dy}}\\ & = \left. {\left( {\frac{1}{4}{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}} \right)} \right|_0^1 + \left. {\left( { - \frac{1}{4}{{\bf{e}}^{\,{y^{\,4}}}}} \right)} \right|_{ - 1}^0\\ & = \,\frac{1}{4}\left( {{\bf{e}} - 1} \right) + \frac{1}{4}\left( { - 1 + {\bf{e}}} \right) = \require{bbox} \bbox[2pt,border:1px solid black]{{\frac{1}{2}\left( {{\bf{e}} - 1} \right) = 0.8591}}\end{align*}\]

Har doim mintaqadagi har bir integral bitta integral bilan bajarilishini kutmang. Vaqti-vaqti bilan siz integralni bo'lishingiz va alohida kichik mintaqalar bo'yicha haqiqiy integratsiyani amalga oshirishingiz kerak bo'ladi. Bu holda, bu juda aniq edi, lekin ba'zida muammoga duch kelmaguningizcha va uni kichik hududlarda qilish osonroq bo'lishini tushunmaguningizcha, bu unchalik aniq bo'lmasligi mumkin.