Asosiy tarkibga o'tish

8.4-bo'lim: Gidrostatik bosim va kuch

Ushbu bo'limda biz vertikal plastinkani suvga botiramiz va biz suv bosimi tufayli plastinkaga ta'sir qiladigan kuchni bilmoqchimiz. Bu kuch ko'pincha gidrostatik kuch deb ataladi.

Bu erda biz ikkita asosiy formuladan foydalanamiz. Birinchidan, agar biz sirtdan \(d\) metr pastda bo'lsak, gidrostatik bosim quyidagicha ifodalanadi:

\[P = \rho gd\]

Bu erda \(\rho \) - suyuqlikning zichligi va \(g\) - tortishish tezlanishi. Biz ko'rib chiqilayotgan suyuqlikni suv deb hisoblaymiz va biz metrik tizimdan foydalanmoqchi bo'lganimiz uchun bu miqdorlar,

\[\rho = 1000{\mbox{ kg/}}{{\mbox{m}}^{\mbox{3}}}\hspace{0.25in}\hspace{0.25in}g = 9.81{\mbox{ m/}}{{\mbox{s}}^{\mbox{2}}}\]

Bizga kerak bo'lgan ikkinchi formula quyidagicha. Faraz qilaylik, \(P\) doimiy bosimi \(A\) maydoni bo'lgan sirtga ta'sir qiladi. Keyin hududga ta'sir qiluvchi gidrostatik kuch,

\[F = PA\]

E'tibor bering, biz ushbu formuladan foydalangan holda vertikal plastinkadagi gidrostatik kuchni topa olmaymiz, chunki bosim chuqurlikka qarab o'zgaradi va shuning uchun bu formula talab qiladigan darajada doimiy bo'lmaydi. Biroq, bu bizning ishimiz uchun kerak bo'ladi.

Ushbu muammolar qanday ishlashini ko'rishning eng yaxshi usuli - bir yoki ikkita misol.

1-misol Quyidagi ko'rsatilganidek suvga botgan uchburchak plastinkadagi gidrostatik kuchni aniqlang.
The plate is a triangle whose base is horizontal and at the water’s surface.  The point of the triangle is pointed directly down into the water and is directly under the middle of the base.  The length of the base is given as 6 meters and the height of the triangle is given as 4 meters.
Yechim

Bu erda qilinadigan birinchi narsa eksa tizimini o'rnatishdir. Shunday qilib, keling, yuqoridagi eskizni quyidagi o'q tizimi qo'shilgan holda takrorlaymiz.

This sketch is almost identical to the sketch in the problem statement with a couple of exceptions.  First, the lengths have been removed and, more importantly, an x-axis has been added that starts in the middle of the base and goes straight down through the lower point of the triangle.  It is also acknowledged that the point will occur at a value of x=4 on the axis.

Shunday qilib, biz \(x\) o'qini shunday yo'naltiramizki, ijobiy \(x\) pastga, \(x = 0\) suv yuzasiga va \(x = 4\) uchburchak uchining chuqurligiga mos keladi.

Keyin uchburchakni \(n\) gorizontal chiziqlariga bo'lamiz, har biri teng kenglikdagi \(\Delta x\) va har bir \(\left[ {{x_{i - 1}},{x_i}} \right]\) oralig'ida istalgan \(x_i^*\) nuqtasini tanlang. Hisob-kitoblarni osonlashtirish uchun biz ushbu chiziqlar haqida ikkita taxmin qilamiz. Birinchidan, biz uchlari qiya bo'lishini e'tiborsiz qoldiramiz va chiziqlar to'rtburchaklar deb hisoblaymiz. Agar \(\Delta x\) etarlicha kichik bo'lsa, bu bizning hisob-kitoblarimizga unchalik ta'sir qilmaydi. Ikkinchidan, \(\Delta x\) har bir chiziqdagi gidrostatik bosim deyarli doimiy bo'ladigan darajada kichik deb taxmin qilamiz.

Quyida vakillik chizig'i mavjud.

This is a sketch of the triangular plate and there is a line bisecting the triangle drawn from the middle of the base straight down to the point of the triangle below it.  It is noted that the distance from this bisecting line to the edge of the base is 3 meters.  There is also a representative horizontal strip shown at about the midpoint of the triangle.  On the strip, the distance from the bisecting line and the edge of the strip is given as “a”.  The distance from the base of the triangle down to the strip is given as $x_{i}^{*}$ and the distance from the strip to the bottom point of the triangle is given as $4-x_{i}^{*}$.

Ushbu chiziqning balandligi \(\Delta x\), kengligi esa 2\(a\). \(a\) ni quyidagi tarzda aniqlash uchun shunga o'xshash uchburchaklardan foydalanishimiz mumkin,

\[\frac{3}{4} = \frac{a}{{4 - x_i^*}}\hspace{0.25in}\hspace{0.25in} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.25in}\hspace{0.25in}a = 3 - \frac{3}{4}x_i^*\]

Endi, biz ushbu chiziqdagi bosim doimiy deb hisoblaganimiz sababli, bosim quyidagicha ifodalanadi:

\[{P_i} = \rho gd = 1000\left( {9.81} \right)x_i^* = 9810x_i^*\]

va har bir chiziqdagi gidrostatik kuch,

\[{F_i} = {P_i}\,A = {P_i}\left( {2a\Delta x} \right) = 9810x_i^*\left( 2 \right)\left( {3 - \frac{3}{4}x_i^*} \right)\Delta x = 19620x_i^*\left( {3 - \frac{3}{4}x_i^*} \right)\,\Delta x\]

Plastinkadagi taxminiy gidrostatik kuch barcha chiziqlardagi kuchlarning yig'indisi yoki,

\[F \approx \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {19620x_i^*\left( {3 - \frac{3}{4}x_i^*} \right)} \,\Delta x\]

Cheklovni qabul qilish aniq gidrostatik kuchni oladi,

\[F = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {19620x_i^*\left( {3 - \frac{3}{4}x_i^*} \right)} \,\Delta x\]

dan foydalanish aniq integralning ta'rifi bu boshqa narsa emas,

\[F = \int_{{\,0}}^{{\,4}}{{19620\left( {3x - \frac{3}{4}{x^2}} \right)\,dx}}\]

Gidrostatik kuch u holda,

\[\begin{align*}F &= \int_{{\,0}}^{{\,4}}{{19620\left( {3x - \frac{3}{4}{x^2}} \right)\,dx}}\\ & = \left. {19620\left( {\frac{3}{2}{x^2} - \frac{1}{4}{x^3}} \right)} \right|_0^4\\ & = 156960\,N\end{align*}\]

Keling, yana bir misolni ko'rib chiqaylik.

2-misol Suvga 6 metr botgan radiusi 2 dumaloq plastinka ustidagi gidrostatik kuchni toping.
Yechim

Birinchidan, dumaloq plastinkaning yuqori qismi suv ostida 6 metr bo'lgan deb taxmin qilamiz. Keyinchalik, eksa tizimining kelib chiqishi plitaning markazida bo'lishi uchun eksa tizimini o'rnatamiz. O'q tizimini shu tarzda o'rnatish bizning ishimizni ancha soddalashtiradi.

Nihoyat, biz plastinkani yana \(n\) gorizontal chiziqlariga bo'lamiz va har bir chiziqdan \(y_i^*\) nuqtasini tanlaymiz. Hisoblashda yordam berish uchun chiziqlar yana to'rtburchaklar shaklida bo'ladi deb taxmin qilamiz. Bu erda sozlashning eskizi.

The water’s surface is shown at the top of the sketch.  Below the water’s surface is the circular plate and a standard xy-axis system is superimposed on the circle with the center of the circle at the origin of the axis system.  It is shown that the distance from the water’s surface and the top of the plate is 6 meters and the distance from the water’s surface to the x-axis (and hence the center of the plate) is 8 meters.  Also shown in the sketch is a representative strip that is located a distance of $d_{i}$ down from the surface of the water and is a distance of $y_{i}^{*}$ from the x-axis.  Also, the right half of the strip (i.e. from the y-axis to the edge of the strip on the edge of the circular plate) is shown to have a distance of $x=\sqrt{4-{{\left( y_{i}^{*} \right)}^{2}}}$.

Har bir chiziqning suv sathi ostidagi chuqurligi,

\[{d_i} = 8 - y_i^*\]

va bu o'z navbatida bizga chiziqqa bosim beradi,

\[{P_i} = \rho g{d_i} = 9810\left( {8 - y_i^*} \right)\]

Har bir chiziqning maydoni,

\[{A_i} = 2\sqrt {4 - {{\left( {y_i^*} \right)}^2}} \,\,\Delta y\]

Har bir chiziqdagi gidrostatik kuch,

\[{F_i} = {P_i}{A_i} = 9810\left( {8 - y_i^*} \right)\left( 2 \right)\sqrt {4 - {{\left( {y_i^*} \right)}^2}} \,\,\Delta y\]

Plastinkadagi umumiy kuch,

\[\begin{align*}F & = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {19620\left( {8 - y_i^*} \right)\sqrt {4 - {{\left( {y_i^*} \right)}^2}} \,\,\Delta y} \\ & = 19620\int_{{\, - 2}}^{{\,2}}{{\left( {8 - y} \right)\sqrt {4 - {y^2}} \,dy}}\end{align*}\]

Ushbu integralni bajarish uchun biz uni ikkita integralga bo'lishimiz kerak.

\[F = 19620\int_{{\, - 2}}^{{\,2}}{{8\sqrt {4 - {y^2}} \,dy}} - 19620\int_{{\, - 2}}^{{\,2}}{{y\sqrt {4 - {y^2}} \,dy}}\]

Birinchi integral \(y = 2\sin \theta \) trigni almashtirishni, ikkinchi integral esa \(v = 4 - {y^2}\) almashtirishni talab qiladi. Ushbu almashtirishlardan foydalangandan so'ng biz quyidagilarni olamiz:

\[\begin{align*}F & = 627840\int_{{\, - {\pi }/{2}\;}}^{{\,{\pi }/{2}\;}}{{{{\cos }^2}\theta \,d\theta }} + 9810\int_{{\,0}}^{{\,0}}{{\sqrt v \,dv}}\\ & = 313920\int_{{\, - {\pi }/{2}\;}}^{{\,{\pi }/{2}\;}}{{1 + \cos \left( {2\theta } \right)\,d\theta }} + 0\\ & = 313920\left. {\left( {\theta + \frac{1}{2}\sin \left( {2\theta } \right)} \right)} \right|_{ - \frac{\pi }{2}}^{\frac{\pi }{2}}\\ & = 313920\pi \end{align*}\]

E'tibor bering, almashtirishdan keyin biz ikkinchi integral nolga teng bo'lishini bilamiz, chunki yuqori va pastki chegara bir xil.