Asosiy tarkibga o'tish

5.11-bo'lim: Laplas o'zgarishlari

Bu bo'limda juda ko'p narsa yo'q. Differensial tenglamalar sistemasini echishda Laplas o'zgartirishlaridan qanday foydalanish mumkinligini ko'rsatish uchun biz shunchaki misol bilan ishlaymiz.

1-misol Quyidagi tizimni yeching. \[\begin{align*}{{x'}_1} & = 3{x_1} - 3{x_2} + 2 & \hspace{0.25in}{x_1}\left( 0 \right) & = 1\\ {{x'}_2} & = - 6{x_1} - t & \hspace{0.25in}{x_2}\left( 0 \right) & = - 1\end{align*}\]
Yechim

Birinchidan, tizim matritsa shaklida berilmaganiga e'tibor bering. Buning sababi shundaki, tizim matritsa shaklida hal etilmaydi. Shuni ham yodda tutingki, tizim bir hil emas.

Biz xuddi Laplasdan foydalanganimizdek boshlaymiz yagona differensial tenglamalarni yechish uchun aylantiradi. Ikkala differentsial tenglamaning konvertatsiyasini olamiz.

\[\begin{align*}s{X_1}\left( s \right) - {x_1}\left( 0 \right) & = 3{X_1}\left( s \right) - 3{X_2}\left( s \right) + \frac{2}{s}\\ s{X_2}\left( s \right) - {x_2}\left( 0 \right) & = - 6{X_1}\left( s \right) - \frac{1}{{{s^2}}}\end{align*}\]

Endi dastlabki holatni ulang va narsalarni biroz soddalashtiring.

\[\begin{align*}\left( {s - 3} \right){X_1}\left( s \right) + 3{X_2}\left( s \right) & = \frac{2}{s} + 1 = \frac{{2 + s}}{s}\\ 6{X_1}\left( s \right) + s{X_2}\left( s \right) & = - \frac{1}{{{s^2}}} - 1 = - \frac{{{s^2} + 1}}{{{s^2}}}\end{align*}\]

Endi biz buni transformatsiyalardan biri uchun hal qilishimiz kerak. Buni yuqoridagi tenglamani \(s\) ga, pastki qismini esa -3 ga ko‘paytirib, keyin qo‘shish orqali qilamiz. Bu beradi,

\[\left( {{s^2} - 3s - 18} \right){X_1}\left( s \right) = 2 + s + \frac{{3{s^2} + 3}}{{{s^2}}}\]

\(X_{1}\) ni hal qilish,

\[{X_1}\left( s \right) = \frac{{{s^3} + 5{s^2} + 3}}{{{s^2}\left( {s + 3} \right)\left( {s - 6} \right)}}\]

Qisman fraktsiyalash beradi,

\[{X_1}\left( s \right) = \frac{1}{{108}}\left( {\frac{{133}}{{s - 6}} - \frac{{28}}{{s + 3}} + \frac{3}{s} - \frac{{18}}{{{s^2}}}} \right)\]

Teskari konvertatsiya qilish bizga birinchi yechimni beradi,

\[{x_1}\left( t \right) = \frac{1}{{108}}\left( {133{{\bf{e}}^{6t}} - 28{{\bf{e}}^{ - 3t}} + 3 - 18t} \right)\]

Endi ikkinchi yechimni topish uchun biz orqaga qaytishimiz va \(X_{2}\) uchun konvertatsiyani topish uchun \(X_{1}\)-ni yo'q qilishimiz mumkin va ba'zida buni qilishimiz kerak bo'ladi. Biroq, bu holda ikkinchi differentsial tenglamaga e'tibor bering,

\[{x'_2} = - 6{x_1} - t\hspace{0.25in} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.25in}{x_2} = \int{{ - 6{x_1} - t}}\,dt\]

Shunday qilib, birinchi yechimni ulash va integratsiya qilish,

\[\begin{align*}{x_2}\left( t \right) & = - \frac{1}{{18}}\int{{133{{\bf{e}}^{6t}} - 28{{\bf{e}}^{ - 3t}} + 3}}\,dt\\ & = - \frac{1}{{108}}\left( {133{{\bf{e}}^{6t}} + 56{{\bf{e}}^{ - 3t}} + 18t} \right) + c\end{align*}\]

Endi, integratsiya doimiyligini olish uchun ikkinchi boshlang'ich shartni qayta qo'llash beradi

\[ - 1 = - \frac{1}{{108}}\left( {133 + 56} \right) + c\hspace{0.25in} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.25in}c = \frac{3}{4}\]

Ikkinchi yechim esa,

\[{x_2}\left( t \right) = - \frac{1}{{108}}\left( {133{{\bf{e}}^{6t}} + 56{{\bf{e}}^{ - 3t}} + 18t - 81} \right)\]

Shunday qilib, bularning barchasini birlashtirib, tizimga yechim topadi:

\[\begin{align*}{x_1}\left( t \right) & = \frac{1}{{108}}\left( {133{{\bf{e}}^{6t}} - 28{{\bf{e}}^{ - 3t}} + 3 - 18t} \right)\\ {x_2}\left( t \right) & = - \frac{1}{{108}}\left( {133{{\bf{e}}^{6t}} + 56{{\bf{e}}^{ - 3t}} + 18t - 81} \right)\end{align*}\]

Oxirgi bilan solishtirganda bo'limi bu yerdagi ish unchalik yomon emas edi. Albatta, bu har doim ham shunday bo'lmaydi, lekin tizimlarni hal qilish uchun Laplas konvertatsiyasidan foydalanish hech bo'lmaganda ba'zi hollarda yomon emasligini ko'rishingiz mumkin.