7.3-bo'lim : Triglarni almashtirish
11. \( \displaystyle \int{{{t^3}{{\left( {3{t^2} - 4} \right)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}\,dt}}\) ni baholash uchun trigni almashtirishdan foydalaning.
Yechim
Birinchidan, integranddagi ko'rsatkich haqida hayajonlanmang. Ushbu turdagi muammolar faqat ildizga ega bo'lganlar bilan bir xil ishlaydi (bizda kuchga ega bo'lgan bu holatdan farqli o'laroq - siz bunga qo'shilasizmi?). Shunday qilib, bu holda bizga quyidagi trigni almashtirish kerak bo'ladi.
\[t = \frac{2}{{\sqrt 3 }}\sec \left( \theta \right)\]Endi biz ildizni yo'q qilish uchun almashtirishdan foydalanishimiz va uni integralga almashtirish uchun sozlashimiz kerak.
2-qadam
Keling, birinchi navbatda ildizni yo'q qilish uchun almashtirishdan foydalanamiz.
\[{\left( {3{t^2} - 4} \right)^{\frac{5}{2}}} = {\left[ {\sqrt {3{t^2} - 4} } \right]^5} = {\left[ {\sqrt {4{{\sec }^2}\left( \theta \right) - 4} } \right]^5} = {\left[ {2\sqrt {{{\tan }^2}\left( \theta \right)} } \right]^5} = 32{\left| {\tan \left( \theta \right)} \right|^5}\]Keyinchalik, biz noaniq integralni bajarayotganimiz sababli, tangens musbat deb faraz qilamiz va shuning uchun biz olish uchun mutlaq qiymat satrlarini tashlab qo'yishimiz mumkin,
\[{\left( {3{t^2} - 4} \right)^{\frac{5}{2}}} = 32{\tan ^5}\left( \theta \right)\]O'zgartirishga tayyorgarlikning yakuniy bosqichi uchun, keling, differentsialni ham hisoblaylik, shuning uchun uni almashtirishda ishlatishni unutmang!
\[dt = \frac{2}{{\sqrt 3 }}\sec \left( \theta \right)\tan \left( \theta \right)\,d\theta \]3-qadam
Endi haqiqiy almashtirishni qilaylik.
\[\begin{align*}\int{{{t^3}{{\left( {3{t^2} - 4} \right)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}\,dt}} & = \int{{{{\left( {\frac{2}{{\sqrt 3 }}} \right)}^3}{{\sec }^3}\left( \theta \right)\left( {32{{\tan }^5}\left( \theta \right)} \right)\left( {\frac{2}{{\sqrt 3 }}\sec \left( \theta \right)\tan \left( \theta \right)} \right)\,d\theta }}\\ & = \frac{{512}}{9}\int{{{{\sec }^4}\left( \theta \right){{\tan }^6}\left( \theta \right)\,d\theta }}\end{align*}\]Oldingi bosqichda biz hisoblagan differensialni almashtirishni unutmang. Bu, ehtimol, triglarni almashtirishda eng keng tarqalgan xatodir. Differensialni unutish muammoni sezilarli darajada o'zgartirishi mumkin, ko'pincha integralni baholash juda qiyin bo'ladi.
4-qadam
Endi biz integralni baholashimiz kerak. Mana o'sha ish.
\[\begin{align*}\int{{{t^3}{{\left( {3{t^2} - 4} \right)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}\,dt}} & = \frac{{512}}{9}\int{{\left( {{{\tan }^2}\left( \theta \right) + 1} \right){{\tan }^6}\left( \theta \right)\,\,{{\sec }^2}\left( \theta \right)\,d\theta }}\hspace{0.25in}\,\,\,\,\,u = \tan \left( \theta \right)\\ & = \frac{{512}}{9}\int{{\left( {{u^2} + 1} \right){u^6}\,du}} = \frac{{512}}{9}\int{{{u^8} + {u^6}\,du}}\\ & = \frac{{512}}{9}\left[ {\frac{1}{9}{{\tan }^9}\left( \theta \right) + \frac{1}{7}{{\tan }^7}\left( \theta \right)} \right] + c\end{align*}\]Trig funksiyalarini o'z ichiga olgan integrallarni baholash uchun biz tez-tez bajarishimiz kerak bo'lgan integralning barcha "standart" manipulyatsiyalarini unutmang. Agar siz ularni eslamasangiz, oldingi bo'limga qaytib, ularni yaxshi o'rganish uchun ba'zi amaliy muammolarni hal qilishingiz kerak bo'ladi.
Har bir trigni almashtirish muammosi trig funksiyalarini o'z ichiga olgan integralgacha kamayadi va ularning ko'pchiligini baholash uchun integralni biroz manipulyatsiya qilish kerak bo'ladi.
5-qadam
Yakuniy qadam sifatida biz \(t\)-ga qaytishimiz kerak. Buning uchun bizga tez uchburchak kerak bo'ladi. Mana o'sha ish.
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Bizda mavjud almashtirishdan, \[\sec \left( \theta \right) = \frac{{\sqrt 3 \,t}}{2}\,\,\,\,\,\left( { = \frac{{{\mbox{hyp}}}}{{{\mbox{adj}}}}} \right)\]To'g'ri uchburchakdan biz olamiz, \[\tan \left( \theta \right) = \frac{{\sqrt {3{t^2} - 4} }}{2}\] |
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U holda integral,
\[\begin{align*}\int{{{t^3}{{\left( {3{t^2} - 4} \right)}^{\frac{5}{2}}}\,dt}} & = \frac{{512}}{9}\left[ {\frac{1}{9}{{\left( {\frac{{\sqrt {3{t^2} - 4} }}{2}} \right)}^9} + \frac{1}{7}{{\left( {\frac{{\sqrt {3{t^2} - 4} }}{2}} \right)}^7}} \right] + c\\ & = \require{bbox} \bbox[2pt,border:1px solid black]{{\frac{{{{\left( {3{t^2} - 4} \right)}^{\frac{9}{2}}}}}{{81}} + \frac{{4{{\left( {3{t^2} - 4} \right)}^{\frac{7}{2}}}}}{{63}} + c}}\end{align*}\]