Asosiy tarkibga o'tish

7.4-bo'lim : qisman kasrlar

8. \( \displaystyle \int{{\frac{{8 + t + 6{t^2} - 12{t^3}}}{{\left( {3{t^2} + 4} \right)\left( {{t^2} + 7} \right)}}\,dt}}\) integralini baholang.

Yechim

Bunday holda, maxraj allaqachon faktorlarga ajratilgan va shuning uchun biz to'g'ridan-to'g'ri integratsiya uchun qisman kasr parchalanish shakliga o'tishimiz mumkin.

\[\frac{{8 + t + 6{t^2} - 12{t^3}}}{{\left( {3{t^2} + 4} \right)\left( {{t^2} + 7} \right)}} = \frac{{At + B}}{{3{t^2} + 4}} + \frac{{Ct + D}}{{{t^2} + 7}}\]
2-qadam

Numeratorlarni teng belgilash,

\[\begin{align*}8 + t + 6{t^2} - 12{t^3} & = \left( {At + B} \right)\left( {{t^2} + 7} \right) + \left( {Ct + D} \right)\left( {3{t^2} + 4} \right)\\ & = \left( {A + 3C} \right){t^3} + \left( {B + 3D} \right){t^2} + \left( {7A + 4C} \right)t + 7B + 4D\end{align*}\]

Bunday holda, eslatmalarda muhokama qilingan "hiyla" biz uchun unchalik yaxshi ishlamaydi va shuning uchun biz hamma narsani ko'paytirishga va yuqorida ko'rsatilgandek atamalarni yig'ishga murojaat qilishimiz kerak.

3-qadam

Endi koeffitsientlarni teng qo'yish quyidagi tizimni beradi.

\[\begin{align*}{{t^3}:} & \hspace{0.25in} & A + 3C = & - 12\\{{t^2}:} & \hspace{0.25in} & B + 3D = & \, 6\\{{t^1}:} & \hspace{0.25in} & 7A + 4C = &\, 1\\{{t^0}:} & \hspace{0.25in} & 7B + 4D = &\, 8\end{align*}\hspace{0.25in} \Rightarrow \hspace{0.25in}\begin{aligned} & {A = 3}\\ & {B = 0}\\ & {C = - 5}\\ & {D = 2}\end{aligned}\]

Integratsiyaning qisman kasr shakli shunday bo'ladi:

\[\frac{{8 + t + 6{t^2} - 12{t^3}}}{{\left( {3{t^2} + 4} \right)\left( {{t^2} + 7} \right)}} = \frac{{3t}}{{3{t^2} + 4}} + \frac{{ - 5t + 2}}{{{t^2} + 7}}\]
4-qadam

Endi biz integralni bajarishimiz mumkin.

\[\begin{align*}\int{{\frac{{8 + t + 6{t^2} - 12{t^3}}}{{\left( {3{t^2} + 4} \right)\left( {{t^2} + 7} \right)}}\,dt}} & = \int{{\frac{{3t}}{{3{t^2} + 4}} + \frac{{ - 5t + 2}}{{{t^2} + 7}}\,dt}}\\ & = \int{{\frac{{3t}}{{3{t^2} + 4}} - \frac{{5t}}{{{t^2} + 7}} + \frac{2}{{{t^2} + 7}}\,dt}}\\ & = \require{bbox} \bbox[2pt,border:1px solid black]{{\frac{1}{2}\ln \left| {3{t^2} + 4} \right| - \frac{5}{2}\ln \left| {{t^2} + 7} \right| + \frac{2}{{\sqrt 7 }}{{\tan }^{ - 1}}\left( {\frac{t}{{\sqrt 7 }}} \right) + c}}\end{align*}\]

E'tibor bering, birinchi va ikkinchi integratsiya uchun mos ravishda \(u = 3{t^2} + 4\) va \(u = {t^2} + 7\) almashtirishlari kerak bo'lsa, uchinchisi esa eslatmalarda keltirilgan formulaga muhtoj edi.