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16.3-bo'lim : Chiziqli integrallar - II qism

2. \( \displaystyle \int\limits_{C}{{2y\,dx + \left( {1 - x} \right)\,dy}}\) ni baholang, bunda \(C\) \(y = 1 - {x^3}\) ning \(x = - 1\) dan \(x = 2\) gacha bo'lgan qismidir.

Yechim

Bu erda ko'rsatilgan muammo bayonotida ko'rsatilgan yo'nalish bilan \(C\) ning tezkor eskizi.

A sketch of the curve \(C\), the portion of \(y = 1 - {x^3}\) from \(x = -1\) to \(x = 2\).  The curve starts at (-1,2), decreases and flattens out at (0,1), crosses the \(x\)-axis at (1,0) and then decreases steeply to (2,-7).  The arrows along it point in the direction of increasing \(x\).
2-qadam

Keyinchalik, egri chiziqni parametrlashimiz kerak.

\[\vec r\left( t \right) = \left\langle {t,1 - {t^3}} \right\rangle \hspace{0.25in} - 1 \le t \le 2\]
3-qadam

Endi biz chiziqli integralni baholashimiz kerak. Ushbu turdagi chiziqli integral bilan ehtiyot bo'ling. Bu holda bizda integranda \(dx\) va \(dy\) mavjud. Eslatib o'tamiz, bu shunchaki soddalashtirilgan belgi,

\[ \displaystyle \int\limits_{C}{{2y\,dx + \left( {1 - x} \right)\,dy}} = \int\limits_{C}{{2y\,dx}} + \int\limits_{C}{{1 - x\,dy}}\]

Keyin biz qilishimiz kerak bo'lgan narsa, biz chiziqli integralni "standart" integralga aylantirganimizda \(dx = x'\,dt\) va \(dy = y'\,dt\) ni esga olishimiz kerak.

Shunday qilib, chiziq integralini baholaylik. Faqat parametrlarni integralga "ulash" ni unutmang (i.e. integraldagi \(x\) va \(y\) ni parametrlashning \(x\) va \(y\) komponentlari bilan almashtiring) va differentsiallarni to'g'ri aylantirish uchun.

Mana chiziqli integrali.

\[\begin{align*}\int\limits_{C}{{2y\,dx + \left( {1 - x} \right)\,dy}} &= \int\limits_{C}{{2y\,dx}} + \int\limits_{C}{{1 - x\,dy}}\\ & = \int_{{ - 1}}^{2}{{2\left( {1 - {t^3}} \right)\,\,\left( 1 \right)\,dt}} + \int_{{ - 1}}^{2}{{\left( {1 - t} \right)\,\,\left( { - 3{t^2}} \right)\,dt}}\\ & = \int_{{ - 1}}^{2}{{2\left( {1 - {t^3}} \right)\,dt}} - 3\int_{{ - 1}}^{2}{{{t^2} - {t^3}\,dt}}\\ & = \int_{{ - 1}}^{2}{{{t^3} - 3{t^2} + 2\,dt}}\\ & = \left. {\left[ {\frac{1}{4}{t^4} - {t^3} + 2t} \right]} \right|_{ - 1}^2 = \require{bbox} \bbox[2pt,border:1px solid black]{{\frac{3}{4}}}\end{align*}\]

E'tibor bering, bu holda biz integralni haqiqiy baholashdan oldin ikkita integralni bitta integralga birlashtirdik. Buni qilish shart emas, lekin vaqti-vaqti bilan integralni va shuning uchun integralni baholashni soddalashtirishi mumkin.