Asosiy tarkibga o'tish

4.9-bo'lim : Ko'proq optimallashtirish

7. 10 metr balandlikdagi ikkita ustun bir-biridan 30 metr masofada joylashgan. Har bir qutbning yuqori qismiga uzunlikdagi sim bog'langan va u ikki qutb o'rtasida bir joyda erga qo'yilgan. Minimal sim miqdori ishlatilishi uchun simni qaerga qo'yish kerak?

A sketch of the two poles and the wire.  Both poles are 10 meters tall and the ground between them is marked as 30 meters.  The wire runs from the top of the left pole down to a stake on the ground between the poles and then back up to the top of the right pole, forming a “V” shape.
Yechim

Keling, ba'zi qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar qo'shilgan holda vaziyatni qisqacha boshlaylik.

A sketch of the two poles and the wire with some more information added in.  Both poles are 10 meters tall and the wire runs from the top of the left pole down to a stake on the ground and then back up to the top of the right pole, forming a “V” shape.  The left piece of wire is labeled \({L_1}\) and the right piece is labeled \({L_2}\).  Along the ground the distance from the left pole to the stake is labeled \(x\) and the distance from the stake to the right pole is labeled \(30 - x\).
2-qadam

Keyinchalik, bizdan optimallashtirish so'raladigan cheklov va tenglamani o'rnatishimiz kerak.

Biz sim miqdorini minimallashtirishni xohlaymiz va shuning uchun biz minimallashtirishimiz kerak bo'lgan tenglama:

\[L = {L_1} + {L_2}\]

Bu erda cheklov shundaki, ustunlar bir-biridan 30 metr masofada joylashgan bo'lishi kerak. Buni \(x\) nuqtai nazaridan alohida simlarning uzunligini aniqlash uchun foydalanishimiz mumkin. Shunday qilib,

\[{L_1} = \sqrt {100 + {x^2}} \hspace{0.5in}{L_2} = \sqrt {100 + {{\left( {30 - x} \right)}^2}} \]

Shuni ham yodda tutingki, biz \(0 \le x \le 30\)ni talab qilishimiz kerakligini ham ko'rishimiz mumkin.

3-qadam

Bu erda qilishimiz kerak bo'lgan yagona narsa, biz minimallashtirishimiz mumkin bo'lgan \(x\) funksiyasini olish uchun alohida simlarning uzunligini umumiy uzunlikka ulashdir.

\[L\left( x \right) = \sqrt {100 + {x^2}} + \sqrt {100 + {{\left( {30 - x} \right)}^2}} \]
4-qadam

Uzunlik funksiyasining hosilasi,

\[L'\left( x \right) = \frac{x}{{\sqrt {100 + {x^2}} }} + \frac{{x - 30}}{{\sqrt {{x^2} - 60x + 1000} }}\]

Tanqidiy nuqta(lar)ni echish tartibsiz bo'ladi, shuning uchun hammasi davom etadi.

\[\begin{align*}\frac{x}{{\sqrt {100 + {x^2}} }} + \frac{{x - 30}}{{\sqrt {{x^2} - 60x + 1000} }} & = 0\\ \frac{x}{{\sqrt {100 + {x^2}} }} & = - \frac{{x - 30}}{{\sqrt {{x^2} - 60x + 1000} }}\\ x\sqrt {{x^2} - 60x + 1000} & = - \left( {x - 30} \right)\sqrt {100 + {x^2}} \\ {x^2}\left( {{x^2} - 60x + 1000} \right) & = {\left( {x - 30} \right)^2}\left( {100 + {x^2}} \right)\\ {x^4} - 60{x^3} + 1000{x^2} & = {x^4} - 60{x^3} + 1000{x^2} - 6000x + 90000\\ 0 & = - 6000x + 90000\\ x & = 15\end{align*}\]

Uni lotinga qayta ulash orqali tezkor tekshirish shuni ko'rsatadiki, biz haqiqatan ham \(L'\left( 15 \right) = 0\) ni olamiz va shuning uchun bu juda muhim nuqta va u \(x\) ning maqbul oralig'ida.

Eslatib o'tamiz, biz yuqoridagi tenglamaning ikkala tomonini kvadratga aylantirganimiz sababli, aslida yechim bo'lmagan javoblar bilan yakunlanishi mumkin va shuning uchun biz ularning yechim ekanligiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun orqaga qaytib, asl tenglamani tekshirishimiz kerak.

5-qadam

Bizda \(x\) diapazoni bor va masofa funksiyasi diapazonda uzluksiz bo'lgani uchun biz qilishimiz kerak bo'lgan yagona narsa minimal masofani aniqlash uchun oxirgi nuqtalarni va muhim nuqtani qo'yishdir.

\[L\left( 0 \right) = 41.6228\hspace{0.5in}L\left( 15 \right) = 36.0555\hspace{0.5in}L\left( {30} \right) = 41.6228\]
6-qadam

Sim miqdorini kamaytirish uchun simni qutblar orasidagi o'rtada qo'yish kerak.