Asosiy tarkibga o'tish

4.9-bo'lim : Ko'proq optimallashtirish

1. Biz o'rtasi to'rtburchak, oynaning yuqori va pastki qismi yarim doira bo'lgan oyna qurmoqchimiz. Agar bizda 50 metr ramka materiali bo'lsa, derazaning o'lchamlari qanday bo'lishi mumkin, bu eng yorug'likni beradi?

A sketch of the window described in the problem.  It is a rectangle with a semicircle on the top and another semicircle on the bottom, and dashed lines mark where the top and bottom of the rectangle meet the flat sides of the two semicircles.
Yechim

Keling, derazaning tezkor eskizidan boshlaylik.

A sketch of the window described in the problem.  It is a rectangle of height \(h\) with a semicircle on the top and another semicircle on the bottom.  Dashed lines mark where the top and bottom of the rectangle meet the flat sides of the semicircles, the radius of each semicircle is labeled \(r\) and the width of the rectangle is labeled \(2r\).
2-qadam

Keyinchalik, bizdan optimallashtirish so'raladigan cheklov va tenglamani o'rnatishimiz kerak.

Bizda 50 metrlik ramka materiali borligini aytishdi (i.e. oynaning perimetri) va shuning uchun bu muammo uchun cheklov bo'ladi.

\[50 = 2h + 2\left( {\pi r} \right) = 2h + 2\pi r\]

Bizdan ruxsat etilgan yorug'lik miqdorini maksimal darajada oshirishni so'rashadi va bu shunchaki yopiq maydon yoki,

\[A = h\left( {2r} \right) + 2\left( {{\frac{1}{2}}\pi {r^2}} \right) = 2hr + \pi {r^2}\]

Ushbu ikkala tenglama bilan biz oxirgi atama bilan biroz ehtiyot bo'ldik. Har bir holatda bizga har bir yarim doira perimetri yoki maydoni kerak edi va ulardan ikkitasi bor edi. Yakuniy natija, albatta, butun doiraning perimetri/maydonining tenglamasidir, lekin biz haqiqatan ham bu tenglamalarni o'rnatishda ehtiyot bo'lishimiz va hamma narsa qaerdan kelib chiqqaniga e'tibor qaratishimiz kerak.

3-qadam

Keling, \(h\) uchun cheklovni hal qilaylik.

\[h = 25 - \pi r\]

Buni hudud funksiyasiga ulash,

\[A\left( r \right) = 2\left( {25 - \pi r} \right)r + \pi {r^2} = 50r - \pi {r^2}\]
4-qadam

Buning uchun muhim nuqta(lar)ni topish hozircha unchalik qiyin bo'lmasligi kerak. Mana lotin.

\[A'\left( r \right) = 50 - 2\pi r\]

Bundan biz bitta muhim nuqtaga o'xshaymiz: \(r = \frac{25}{\pi} = 7.9577\).

5-qadam

Hajm funksiyasining ikkinchi hosilasi:

\[A''\left( r \right) = - 2\pi \]

Bundan ikkinchi hosila har doim manfiy ekanligini ko'rishimiz mumkin. Shuning uchun \(A\left( r \right)\) har doim konkav bo'ladi va shuning uchun biz 4-bosqichda olgan yagona kritik nuqta nisbiy maksimal bo'lishi kerak va shuning uchun maksimal yorug'lik miqdorini ta'minlaydigan qiymat bo'lishi kerak.

6-qadam

Keling, yarim doira radiusini olish orqali masalani tugatamiz.

\[h = 25 - \pi \left( \frac{25}{\pi} \right) = 0\]

Xo'sh, bu shuni anglatadiki, aslida eng yorug'lik hatto yarim doiralar orasida to'rtburchaklar bo'lmasligi va faqat \(r = \frac{25}{\pi}\) radiusi bo'lgan aylana oynaga ega bo'lishidan kelib chiqadi.